Recovery between exercises averages 60 s time between the two rounds of the circuit averaged 2 min. We set a break of 2 s between the reps in order to synchronize exercises with the impulse phase of the EMS. We scheduled a time under tension with 4 sec eccentric-1 s isometric-and an explosive concentric phase. Using dumbbells, participants were required to increase the load to realize the prescribed work to momentary failure per exercise in the range of 8-10 reps. In detail, using a circuit mode, two sets of 8-10 repetitions of lunges (both sides immediately in succession), unilateral calf raises (both sides immediately in succession), and squats were prescribed. Exercises ( Figure 3) focus on lower extremities, further WB-EMS application for the gluteus, thigh, and calf muscles superimpose the voluntary load on the corresponding regions. In both periods (i.e., December and January), the identical high intensity resistance exercise (RT) with special emphasis on the eccentric part of the movement was applied. The exercise interventions were conducted between 8:00 and 10:00 on Sunday or Monday morning at the Institute of Medical Physics, FAU, under close medical supervision. Applying the inclusion criteria: (a) more than 5 years of experience in competition ball sports with corresponding discipline-specific resistance exercise once a week and exclusion criteria: (a) diseases and medication affecting muscle metabolism (b) contraindication for whole-body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) application (e.g., cardiac pacemaker) or heavy resistance exercise (e.g., knee/hip arthrosis) (c) application of WB-EMS during the last 6 months (d) absence during the testing periods and (e) the intention to apply types of exercise known to induce severe muscle pain (i.e., marathon run) during the study period, finally 19 participants were included in the study. Twenty-eight healthy male adults 20-50 years old, living in the area of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany, were interested and were further assessed for eligibility. Using personal contacts to handball teams playing in the 4 th and 5 th German Divisions, we gave detailed study information including the most relevant eligibility criteria (e.g., training, health status) during two information meetings. Our primary hypothesis was that compression tights significantly increase recovery of performance parameters after EIMD-generating exercise compared with control, as validated by maximum isokinetic hip- and leg-extensor strength. In summary, we hypothesize that performance parameters, perceived physical state, and blood parameters related to EIMD were positively affected during recovery from a single bout of strenuous resistance-type exercise by wearing compression tights. Thus, the aim of the study was to determine the effect of compression tights on relevant parameters of recovery applying a conscientious methodological and biometrical approach. Additionally, the minority of trials (48 h. Further, study outcomes often focus on parameters (e.g., lactate, creatine kinase, ) at least suboptimum for validating recovery. Correspondingly, compression-induced effects on only slightly affected parameters might be negligible. However, even when conducted with higher intensity, the type and composition of this “damaging protocol” will be too close to the usual exercise strain to generate relevant EIMD. A good example is to apply a running intervention for runners. The most relevant bias might be that many studies applied exercise protocols unable or at least suboptimal to generate EIMD or even profound muscular soreness (overview in ). ![]() Indeed, reviewing the underlying trials there are some methodical flaws that might seriously confound and/or impede proper interpretation of the results. ![]() However, considering the heterogeneity of the few studies in this area, we are not convinced whether meta-analysis might be able to conclude the effect of compression garment on recovery from exercise-induced muscle soreness or damage. In summary, recent reviews and meta-analyses reported faster recovery of muscle function after exercise particularly muscle damage induced by power or resistance exercise (exercise-induced muscle damage: EIMD). However, although a limited number of studies indicate some evidence that physical performance might be increased by compression garments (review in ), current focus of research is increasingly on recovery after intense muscular performance (review in ). In the last fifteen years, the wearing of compression garments in various amateur and professional sports has become ever more frequent.
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